The impact on mental health of a badly paid, poorly supported, or short term job can be as harmful as no job at all, according to a study published online inOccupational and Environmental Medicine.
Because being in work is associated with better mental health than unemployment, government policies have tended to focus on the risks posed by joblessness, without necessarily considering the impact the quality of a job may have, say the authors.
They based their findings on seven waves of data from more than 7000 people of working age, drawn from a representative national household survey conducted every year in Australia (HILDA). They determined the quality of jobs with respondents who were employed using factors like demands and complexity; level of control, and perceived job security and fairness of wages.
Not unexpectedly, those who were unemployed had poorer mental health, overall, than those who had jobs, the results showed. The authors note existing evidence thats employment is associated with better physical and mental health, and that the mental health of those out of work tends to improve when they find a job.
But after taking account of a range of factors with the potential to influence the results, such as educational attainment and marital status, the mental health of those who were jobless was comparable to, or often better than, that of people in work, but in poor quality jobs.
Getting a poor quality job was more detrimental to mental health than remaining unemployed
Those in the poorest quality jobs experienced the sharpest decline in mental health over time. There was a direct linear association between the number of unfavourable working conditions experienced and mental health, with each additional adverse condition lowering the mental health score.And the health benefits of finding a job after a period of worklessness depended on the quality of the position, the findings showed. Getting a high quality job after being unemployed improved mental health by an average of 3 points, but getting a poor quality job was more detrimental to mental health than remaining unemployed, showing up as a loss of 5.6 points.
Paid work confers several benefits, including a defined social role and purpose, friendships, and structured time. But jobs which afford little control, are very demanding, and provide little support and reward, are not good for health, say the authors.
"Work first policies are based on the notion that any job is better than none as work promotes economic as well as personal wellbeing," comment the authors. "Psychosocial job quality is a pivotal factor that needs to be considered in the design and delivery of employment and welfare policy," they conclude.
SOURCE: Occupational and Environmental Medicine, news release, March 14, 2011
