Engineered nanomaterials (ENMs) are materials that are intentionally produced to have at least one primary dimension less than 100 nanometers. These materials have new or unique properties different from those of larger forms of the same material, making them desirable for specific product applications. These properties can contribute to increased elasticity, tensile strength, electrical conduction, and reactivity. Consumer products using nanomaterials include makeup, sunscreen, food storage products, appliances, clothing, electronics, computers, sporting goods, and coatings.
The health effects associated with the wide variety of ENMs are not yet clearly understood, so it is important for producers and users of engineered nanomaterials to reduce employee exposure and manage risks appropriately. The National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH) has been at the forefront of efforts to characterize the potential hazards for those working with ENMs and ensure safe workplaces. Since 2004, NIOSH has led the federal government health and safety initiative for nanotechnology, with research and activities coordinated through the NIOSH Nanotechnology Research Center (NTRC). NIOSH has published numerous publications providing guidance on nanomaterial worker health and safety, including guidance for research laboratories and small businesses, and risk assessment documentation and recommended exposure limits for nanoscale titanium dioxide, carbon nanotubes, and carbon nanofibers. NIOSH has also created a field studies team to assess workplace processes, materials, and control technologies associated with nanotechnology and additive manufacturing processes including 3D printing. Since 2004, this team has provided over 100 cost-free, on-site exposure assessments at a variety of ENM and advanced manufacturing facilities.